RESUMEN
Inspirados por esfuerzos más amplios para hacer más sólidas las conclusiones de la investigación científica, hemos recopilado una lista de algunos de los errores estadísticos más comunes que aparecen en la literatura científica. Los errores tienen su origen en diseños experimentales ineficaces, análisis inapropiados y/o razonamientos erróneos. Proporcionamos asesoramiento sobre la forma en que los autores, revisores y lectores pueden identificar y resolver estos errores y esperamos evitarlos en el futuro. Todos los errores pueden ser identificados en los distintos apartados de una publicación principalmente en material y métodos, resultados o conclusiones
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Asunto(s)
Humanos , Informe de Investigación/normas , Publicaciones/normas , Manuscritos Médicos como Asunto , Error Científico Experimental/clasificación , Malentendido Terapéutico , Revisión de la Investigación por Pares/normas , Investigación Biomédica/métodos , Mala Conducta Científica/clasificación , Correlación de Datos , Tamaño de la MuestraRESUMEN
Scientific misconduct (fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism) and detrimental research practices (selective reporting of data, inappropriate citation practice, ghostwriting) are admitted respectively by 2 % and 33 % of researchers. The consequences of scientific misconduct and detrimental research practices are disastrous, both for the doctors, who are the most affected researchers in view of the number of retracted articles, and for the patients, victims of false information that may have health consequences. In order to fight against the causes (promotion of doctors and allocation of resources to clinical wards and laboratories on purely quantitative research criteria, lack of training in scientific integrity in medical studies, heterogenous quality of reviewing, legal impunity), there are legislative, academic, technological and editorial solutions, but radical and urgent cultural change is needed first.
Asunto(s)
Investigación Biomédica/ética , Mala Conducta Científica , Investigación Biomédica/historia , Investigación Biomédica/legislación & jurisprudencia , Investigación Biomédica/normas , Decepción , Políticas Editoriales , Europa (Continente) , Francia , Fraude/ética , Fraude/historia , Fraude/legislación & jurisprudencia , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Legislación como Asunto , Plagio , Publicaciones/historia , Publicaciones/legislación & jurisprudencia , Publicaciones/normas , Mala Conducta Científica/clasificación , Mala Conducta Científica/historia , Mala Conducta Científica/legislación & jurisprudenciaAsunto(s)
Fraude/prevención & control , Agencias Gubernamentales/organización & administración , Mala Conducta Científica , Academias e Institutos/ética , Autoria , Investigación Biomédica/ética , Revelación , Humanos , Publicaciones Periódicas como Asunto/ética , Plagio , Portugal , Mala Conducta Científica/clasificaciónRESUMEN
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Asunto(s)
Humanos , Plagio , Literatura de Revisión como Asunto , Mala Conducta Científica/clasificaciónRESUMEN
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Asunto(s)
Humanos , Retractación de Publicación como Asunto , Mala Conducta Científica/clasificación , Políticas Editoriales , Publicaciones Periódicas como Asunto/normasRESUMEN
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Asunto(s)
Humanos , Retractación de Publicación como Asunto , Mala Conducta Científica/clasificación , Políticas Editoriales , Publicaciones Periódicas como Asunto/normasRESUMEN
The purpose of this study is to encourage and highlight discussion on how to improve the teaching of research ethics in institutions of higher education in Malaysia. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with 21 academics in a research-intensive university in Malaysia, interviewees agreed on the importance of emphasizing the subject of research ethics among students, as well as academics or researchers. This study reveals that participants felt that there is an urgent need to improve the current awareness and knowledge of issues related to misconduct in research among students and academics. The results of this study indicate a need for better teaching on the subject of research ethics in order to prevent misconduct in research. Finally, it concludes with suggestions that there should be a clear definition of research misconduct, to include consequences when engaging in misconduct; a separate research ethics syllabus for pure and social sciences should be conducted; research ethics should be implemented as a core subject, and there should be an early intervention and continuous learning of research ethics, with an emphasis on ethics training.
Asunto(s)
Ética en Investigación/educación , Investigadores/educación , Investigadores/ética , Mala Conducta Científica/clasificación , Mala Conducta Científica/ética , Universidades/ética , Curriculum , Femenino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Asunto , Malasia , MasculinoRESUMEN
Researchers often refer to "research integrity", "scientific integrity", "research misconduct", "scientific misconduct" and "research ethics". However, they may use some of these terms interchangeably despite conceptual distinctions. The aim of this paper is to clarify what is signified by several key terms related to research integrity, and to suggest clearer conceptual delineation between them. To accomplish this task, it provides a conceptual analysis based upon definitions and general usage of these phrases and categorization of integrity-breaching behaviours in literature and guidelines, including clarification of the different domains and agents involved. In the first part of the analysis, following some initial clarifications, I explore the distinction between internal and external rules of integrity. In the second part, I explore the distinction between integrity and lack of misconduct, before suggesting a recategorisation of different types of integrity breach. I conclude that greater clarity is needed in the debate on research integrity. Distinguishing between scientific and research integrity, reassessing the relative gravity of different misbehaviours in light of this distinction, and recognising all intentional breaches of integrity as misconduct may help to improve guidelines and education.
Asunto(s)
Análisis Ético , Ética en Investigación , Investigadores/ética , Mala Conducta Científica/clasificación , Mala Conducta Científica/ética , Autoria , Conflicto de Intereses , Fraude , Humanos , Intención , Conocimiento , Plagio , Revelación de la Verdad , Denuncia de IrregularidadesRESUMEN
Research integrity and misconduct have recently risen to public attention as policy issues. Concern has arisen about divergence between this policy discourse and the language and concerns of scientists. This interview study, carried out in Denmark with a cohort of highly internationalised natural scientists, explores how researchers talk about integrity and good science. It finds, first, that these scientists were largely unaware of the Danish Code of Conduct for Responsible Conduct of Research and indifferent towards the value of such codes; second, that they presented an image of good science as nuanced and thereby as difficult to manage through abstracted, principle-based codes; and third, that they repeatedly pointed to systemic issues both as triggering misconduct and as ethical problems in and of themselves. Research integrity is framed as a part of wider moves to 'responsibilise' science; understood in these terms, resistance to codes of conduct and the representation of integrity as a problem of science as a whole can be seen as a rejection of a neoliberal individualisation of responsibility.
Asunto(s)
Ética Profesional , Ética en Investigación , Investigadores/ética , Investigadores/psicología , Mala Conducta Científica/ética , Códigos de Ética , Estudios de Cohortes , Dinamarca , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Investigación Cualitativa , Mala Conducta Científica/clasificaciónRESUMEN
Fabrication, Falsification and Plagiarism (FFP) and Questionable Research Practice (QRP) have been used worldwide in the classification of research misconduct. However, FFP comprises two distinct categories of misconduct: FF is extreme research misconduct that betrays truth, while P undermines trust of science community. Irreproducibility and inadequate practice of research also betray trust. Research misconduct has the potential to cause serious risk of safety in daily life. The proposed classification system is outlined as follows: Class I misconduct: Betrayal of the truth: (1) Fabrication and (2) Falsification. Class II misconduct: Betrayal of trust: (1) Plagiarism of text ; Irreproducibility; and (3) Inadequate research practice. Class III misconduct: Risk to safety of health and industrial products: (1) Risk to safety of health and (2) Risk to safety of industrial products. The proposed classification reflects deeper values of truth, trust, and risk more directly than the previous classification and elucidates issues about nature and significance of misconduct.
Asunto(s)
Ética en Investigación , Mala Conducta Científica/clasificación , Humanos , Plagio , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Medición de Riesgo , Confianza , Revelación de la VerdadAsunto(s)
Investigadores/legislación & jurisprudencia , Mala Conducta Científica/clasificación , Mala Conducta Científica/legislación & jurisprudencia , Acoso Sexual/legislación & jurisprudencia , Acoso Escolar/prevención & control , Acoso Escolar/estadística & datos numéricos , Docentes/legislación & jurisprudencia , Docentes/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Grupos Minoritarios/estadística & datos numéricos , Investigadores/ética , Acoso Sexual/prevención & control , Estudiantes/psicología , Estudiantes/estadística & datos numéricos , Universidades , Poblaciones Vulnerables/estadística & datos numéricos , Denuncia de IrregularidadesAsunto(s)
Investigadores/educación , Investigadores/psicología , Mala Conducta Científica/clasificación , Mala Conducta Científica/psicología , Bienestar del Animal/normas , Atención , Fraude/prevención & control , Fraude/psicología , Consentimiento Informado/normas , Plagio , Retractación de Publicación como AsuntoAsunto(s)
Ética en Investigación/educación , Investigadores/educación , Investigadores/psicología , Mala Conducta Científica/clasificación , Animales , Toma de Decisiones , Empatía , Humanos , Investigadores/ética , Mala Conducta Científica/psicología , Mala Conducta Científica/estadística & datos numéricos , Estrés Psicológico , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Carga de TrabajoRESUMEN
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Asunto(s)
Humanos , Medicina Interna/educación , Medicina Interna/métodos , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/diagnóstico , Investigación Biomédica/ética , Mala Conducta Científica/ética , Medicina Interna/clasificación , Medicina Interna/normas , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/metabolismo , Investigación Biomédica/métodos , Mala Conducta Científica/clasificación , Políticas EditorialesRESUMEN
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Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Mala Conducta Científica/ética , Análisis Multivariante , Revisión de la Investigación por Pares/ética , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto/ética , Servicios Preventivos de Salud , Mala Conducta Científica/clasificación , Revisión de la Investigación por Pares/métodos , Revisión de la Investigación por Pares/normas , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto/métodosRESUMEN
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Asunto(s)
Humanos , Ética en Investigación/educación , Experimentación Animal/ética , Mala Conducta Científica/clasificación , Mala Conducta Científica/ética , Investigación Biomédica/ética , Clonación de Organismos/ética , Investigación con Células Madre/ética , Ética en Investigación/historia , Experimentación Animal/estadística & datos numéricos , Mala Conducta Científica/psicología , Mala Conducta Científica/tendencias , Plagio , Investigación Biomédica/métodos , Clonación de Organismos/métodos , Investigación con Células Madre/historiaRESUMEN
We analyzed 40 cases of falsification, fabrication, or plagiarism (FFP), comparing them to other types of wrongdoing in research (n=40) and medicine (n=40). Fifty-one variables were coded from an average of 29 news or investigative reports per case. Financial incentives, oversight failures, and seniority correlate significantly with more serious instances of FFP. However, most environmental variables were nearly absent from cases of FFP and none were more strongly present in cases of FFP than in other types of wrongdoing. Qualitative data suggest FFP involves thinking errors, poor coping with research pressures, and inadequate oversight. We offer recommendations for education, institutional investigations, policy, and further research.
Asunto(s)
Mala Conducta Científica/estadística & datos numéricos , Formulación de Políticas , Muestreo , Mala Conducta Científica/clasificación , Mala Conducta Científica/psicología , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
A disseminação da prática de coautoria no Brasil e na comunidade internacional tem sido acompanhada pelo aumento no registro de fraudes, manipulações e outros desvios ao definir a responsabilidade por um trabalho científico. Este artigo discorre sobre os critérios utilizados para atribuição da autoria, as razões para o crescimento dos índices de coautoria e os desafios para estabelecer a autoria em periódicos eletrônicos. Por meio de revisão bibliográfica e estudo de caso (a partir de levantamento de base de dados), aponta caminhos para evitar que "desvios de comportamento" quanto à atribuição de autoria abalem a credibilidade da ciência.
The dissemination of the practice of collaborative authorship (coauthorship) in Brazil and in the international scientific community has been accompanied by an increasing occurrence of frauds, manipulations and other deviations in the assignment of responsibility for a scientific paper. This article discusses the criteria for authorship attribution, the reasons for the growing indices of coauthorship and the challenges to determine authorship in electronic journals. Through literature review and case study (bibliographic search in scientific database), it shows ways to avoid that "misbehaviors" related to the authorship attribution affect the credibility of science.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Autoria/normas , Internet/tendencias , Edición/tendencias , Mala Conducta Científica/clasificación , Brasil , Publicaciones Periódicas como Asunto/normasRESUMEN
The dissemination of the practice of collaborative authorship (coauthorship) in Brazil and in the international scientific community has been accompanied by an increasing occurrence of frauds, manipulations and other deviations in the assignment of responsibility for a scientific paper. This article discusses the criteria for authorship attribution, the reasons for the growing indices of coauthorship and the challenges to determine authorship in electronic journals. Through literature review and case study (bibliographic search in scientific database), it shows ways to avoid that "misbehaviors" related to the authorship attribution affect the credibility of science.